Desempleo urbano en América Latina y el sur de Europa bajo ajuste estructural y austeridad
Resumen
Este artículo examina y compara el aumento del desempleo en las principales áreas metropolitanas de América Latina bajo ajuste estructural y del sur de Europa bajo austeridad. Sugiere que, a pesar del fracaso lamentable de los programas de ajuste estructural para fomentar el crecimiento económico y a pesar de sus impactos socioespaciales negativos, el sur de Europa ha impuesto después de 2008 una reforma macroeconómica neoliberal que recuerda el fundamentalismo de mercado del Consenso de Washington. Basado en evidencia cuantitativa, este artículo concluye que la austeridad ha alimentado el desempleo en las áreas metropolitanas más grandes de Grecia, Italia, Portugal y España después de la crisis financiera, como lo hicieron los programas de ajuste estructural impuestos por el FMI en Argentina, Brasil y Chile. , México, Perú y Uruguay durante la década de 1990 y principios de 2000. A medida que las pérdidas privadas de las entidades financieras grandes y pequeñas en riesgo de quiebra después de años de comportamiento imprudente se socializaron y se transformaron en un endeudamiento público insostenible, las mayorías sociales de la periferia de la Eurozona se vieron obligadas a lidiar con las externalidades negativas de la desregulación financiera bajo globalización neoliberal.
Citas
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Wahl, A. (2012). Austerity policies in Europe: there is no alternative. Global Labour Journal, 3(1), 191-193.
Blyth, M. (2015). Austerity: the history of a dangerous idea. New York City: Oxford University Press.
Bogliaccini, J. A. (2013). Trade liberalization, deindustrialization, and inequality. Evidence from middle-income Latin American countries. Latin American Research Review, 48(2), 79-105.
Borja, J. (2005). Prólogo. In D. Harvey & N. Smith, Capital financiero, propiedad inmobiliaria y cultura (pp. 9-27). Barcelona: Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona and Servei de Publicacions de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
Ciccolella, P. (2012). Revisitando la metrópolis latinoamericana más allá de la globalización. Revista Iberoamericana de Urbanismo, 8, 9-21.
Ciccolella, P., & Mignaqui, I. (2009). Capitalismo global y transformaciones metropolitanas: enfoques e instrumentos para repensar el desarrollo urbano. In H. Poggiese & T. T. Cohen Egler (comp.), Otro desarrollo urbano. Ciudad incluyente, justicia social y gestión democrática (pp. 35-50). Buenos Aires: CLACSO, Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales.
Damill, M., Frenkel, R., & Rapetti, M. (2005). The Argentinean debt: history, default and restructuring. Revista Economia, 6(3), 29-90.
Davis, M. (2006). Planet of slums. London: Verso.
Díaz Orueta, F. (1997). La ciudad en América Latina: entre la globalización y la crisis. América Latina Hoy, 15, 5-13.
Dijkstra, L., Garcilazo, E., & McCann, P. (2015). The effects of the global financial crisis on European regions and cities. Journal of Economic Geography, 15, 935-949.
Dreher, A. (2006). IMF and economic growth: the effects of programs, loans, and compliance with conditionality. World Development, 34(5), 769-788.
Donald, B., Glasmeier, A., Gray, M., & Lobao, L. (2014). Austerity in the city: economic crisis and urban service decline? Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 7, 3-15.
Easterly, W. (2005). What did structural adjustment adjust? The association of policies and growth with repeated IMF and World Bank adjustment loans. Journal of Development Economics, 76, 1-22.
European Commission - Directorate General for Regional Policy (2011). Cities of tomorrow: challenges, visions, ways forward. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Eurostat (2017a) General government gross debt – annual data. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=teina225 (accessed 4 April 2017).
Eurostat (2017b) Private sector debt, consolidated - % of GDP. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tipspd20 (accessed 4 April 2017).
Eurostat (2017c) Total unemployment rate. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tps00203&plugin=1 (accessed 4 April 2017).
Eurostat (2017d) People at risk of poverty or social exclusion by age and sex. Available at: http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_peps01&lang=en (accessed 4 April 2017).
Eurostat (2017e) Unemployment rates by sex, age and metropolitan regions. Available at: http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_lfu3rt&lang=en (accessed 5 April 2017).
Fujita, K. (2013). Introduction. In K. Fujita (ed.), Cities and crisis: new critical urban theory (pp. 1-49). London: Sage Studies in International Sociology.
Harvey, D. (2012). Rebel cities: from the right to the city to the urban revolution. London: Verso.
Jones, T. (2014). Life and debt. Green European Journal, 7, 30-35.
Jorra, M. (2012). The effect of IMF lending on the probability of sovereign debt crises. Journal of International Money and Finance, 31, 709-725.
Leahy, A., Healy, S., & Murphy, M. (2015). Crisis monitoring report 2015: poverty and inequalities on the rise. Brussels: Caritas Europa.
Louçã, F. (2011). Portugal agrilhoado: a economia cruel na era do FMI. Lisbon: Bertrand Editora.
Mamede, R. P. (2015). O que fazer com este país: do pessimismo da razão ao optimismo da vontade. Oeiras: Marcador Editora.
Musterd, S., Marcińczak, S., van Ham, M., & Tammaru, T. (2015). Socio-economic segregation in European capital cities: increasing separation between poor and rich. IZA Discussion Paper, 9603.
Nel•lo, O. (2015). La ciudad en movimiento. Crisis social y respuesta ciudadana. Madrid: Díaz & Pons Editores.
Palley, T. (2013). Europe's crisis without end: the consequences of neoliberalism. Contributions to Political Economy, 32, 29-50.
Papatheodorou, C., Sakellaropoulos, S., & Yeros, P. (2012). Grecia en una encrucijada: crisis y radicalización en la semi-periferia europea. Batalla de Ideas, 3, 54-69.
Pastor, M. (1987). The effects of IMF programs in the Thirld World: debate and evidence from Latin America. World Development 15(2), 249-262.
Pastor, M. (1989). Latin America, the debt crisis, and the International Monetary Fund. Latin American Perspectives, 16(1), 79-110.
Portes, A., & Roberts, B. R. (2005). The free-market city: Latin American urbanization in the years of the neoliberal experiment. Studies in Comparative International Development, 40(1), 43-82.
Pradilla Cobos, E. (2010). Mundialización neoliberal, cambios urbanos y políticas estatales en América Latina. Cadernos Metrópole, 12(24), 507-533.
Pradilla Cobos, E. (2014). La ciudad capitalista en el patrón neoliberal de acumulación en América Latina. Cadernos Metrópole, 16(31), 37-60.
Przeworski, A., & Vreeland, J. R. (2000). The effect of IMF programs on economic growth. Journal of Development Economics, 62, 385-421.
Roberts, B. (2005). Globalization and Latin American cities. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29(1), 110-123.
Rodrigues, J., & Reis, J. (2012). The asymmetries of European integration and the crisis of capitalism in Portugal. Competition and Change, 16(3), 188-205.
Schipper, S., & Schönig, B. (2016). Impact of the global financial crisis on cities in Europe: an introduction to urban austerity. In B. Schönig & S. Schipper (eds.), Urban austerity: impacts of the global financial crisis on cities in Europe (pp. 7-19). Berlin: Theater der Zeit.
Seixas, J. (2015). The long way to Ithaca: the reconfiguration of the urban political spaces in Southern Europe. Terra, 1, 24-41.
Stiglitz, J. E. (2003). Globalization and its discontents. New York City: W. W. Norton.
Tabb, W. K. (2014). The wider context of austerity urbanism. City: analysis of urban trends, culture, theory, policy, action, 18(2), 87-100.
United Nations - Department of Economic and Social Affairs - Population Division (2014). World urbanization prospects: the 2014 revision, highlights. New York City: United Nations.
Vreeland, J. R. (2002). The effect of IMF programs on labor. World Development, 30(1), 121-139.
Wahl, A. (2012). Austerity policies in Europe: there is no alternative. Global Labour Journal, 3(1), 191-193.
Palabras clave
crisis financiera, neoliberalismo, deuda, semiperiferia, Áreas metropolitanas
Publicado
may 8, 2018
Cómo Citar
LESTEGÁS, Iago.
Desempleo urbano en América Latina y el sur de Europa bajo ajuste estructural y austeridad.
AGALI Journal. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 7, p. 73-88, mayo 2018.
ISSN 2444-2445.
Disponible en: <https://agaliasociacion.org/revista/index.php/AGALI_Journal/article/view/52>. Fecha de acceso: 04 dic. 2024
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